The Ethical Issue Of Physician Assisted Suicide - 1580 Words

In Nicomachean Ethics, Aristotle establishes that â€Å"every art and every inquiry, and similarly every action and pursuit, is thought to aim at some good and for this reason the good has rightly been declared to be that at which all things aim† and explains this through the dialectic of disposition, particularly between vice and virtue. In chapter four, Aristotle affirms that since â€Å"all knowledge and every pursuit aims at some good†, we inherently seek the highest form which is known to both the masses and the educated as happiness through both living and acting well . Thus regardless of whether man is inherently evil or good, we aspire for the highest form of happiness. Through the implications and discourse of vice and virtue, this paper explores the relevance of Aristotle’s moral philosophy in modern day and will be applied to the contemporary ethical issue surrounding physician assisted suicide. By exploring Aristotle’s work through primary and secondary sources, this paper will discuss the greater good and happiness as it relates to not only the patient or physician, but as a member of a greater social circle and that of society because to Aristotle the role of the individual is less important than their social obligations and role. This paper aims to use the rationale of natural law and of Aristotle to explore the prospects of physician assisted suicide as for the greater good and as a modern ethical obligation. Gorsuch, Neil M.. â€Å"Future of Assisted Suicide andShow MoreRelatedThe Ethical Issues Of Physician Assisted Suicide Essay1736 Words   |  7 PagesEuthanasia is described as the intentional discontinuation, by the patient s physician, of vital treatment that could prolong the person s life. Assisted suicide occurs when a health care worker provides a patient with tools and/or medication that will help the patient kill him or herself, without the direct intervention of the care provider. This paper will define key terms for my argument against Physician Assisted Death, and why I believe it’s wrong, where I will provide a brief background ofRead MoreThe Ethical Issues Of Physician Assisted Suicide1586 Words   |  7 PagesPhysician Assisted Suicide Physician Assisted Suicide Is it Right or Wrong? The ethical issues of physician-assisted suicide are both emotional and controversial, as it ranks right up there with abortion. Some argue physician assisted suicide is ethically permissible for a dying person who has choosing to escape the unbearable suffering at the end of life. Furthermore, it is the physician’s duty to alleviate the patients suffering, which at times justifies providing aid-in -dying. These argumentsRead MoreThe Legal And Ethical Issues Involving Physician Assisted Suicide1134 Words   |  5 Pageswhat conditions is physician assisted suicide morally acceptable, is the question at hand and did these states make the right decision on such a slippery slope debate. This paper will go on to explain one side of this very touchy debate, it will also consider objections from the other side, and ultimately defend the position physician assisted suicide is wrong not only morally but also, ethically. My argument for this thesis is provided below: P1: Physician assisted suicide violates the doctor’sRead MorePhysician Assisted Suicide : Controversial Healthcare And Political Realms Alike1218 Words   |  5 Pages Physician-Assisted Suicide Elissa Munoz-Tucker University of Arizona Abstract Physician-assisted suicide is controversial in healthcare and political realms alike. Currently, this end-of-life option is practiced in five states within the United States. Social concerns regarding assisted suicide revolve around ethical quandaries; providing the means to a patient’s death is contradictory to ethical principles of healthcare providers. Political concerns surroundingRead MoreEthical Considerations in Dealing with Changes in the Healthcare System929 Words   |  4 Pagessociety, ethical considerations are becoming a major factor in dealing with changes in the healthcare system. A topic of consideration that creates controversial discussion is the subject of physician-assisted suicide. Physician-assisted suicide is described as the act in which a physician provides the means necessary for the client to perform the act of suicide. The issue of physician-assisted suicide is viewed through many different perspectives. The topic of physician-assisted suicide has beenRead MorePhysician Assisted Suicide, When Is It Acceptable?1709 Words   |  7 PagesPhysician-Assisted Suicide, When is it acceptable? Assisted suicide had raised issues of great importance in the society particularly the most controversial of all, the physician assisted suicide in the health care field. Since Oregon and other states implemented the legalization of physician assisted suicide, the debates continues. The U.S. Supreme Court decisions in 1997 and the Pain Relief Promotion Act of 2000 (H.R. 5544) have kept these topics on the policy of the national agenda, along withRead MoreUtilitarian And Virtue Ethics Of Physician Assisted Suicide1314 Words   |  6 PagesPhysician Assisted Suicide Physician assisted suicide or PAS is a controversial topic in the world today. But the important question is, should physician assisted suicides be allowed in cases such as: the patient’s suffering is far too great and there is no chance of them getting better? This is a highly debated issue, that has activist groups on both sides fighting for what they think is the right thing to do. Physician assisted suicides can stop the excruciating pain a patient is in, especiallyRead MoreEuthanasia And Physician Assisted Suicide1629 Words   |  7 Pagesillnesses or major health problems, assisted suicide creates options to reduce the amount of suffering the patient must enduring. Dying with dignity could be beneficial for not only the person who is dying, but also the person’s family and loved ones. This option, however, is often viewed as unethical and immoral throughout society. Physician-assisted suicide offers an option for those with health issues but poses various et hical and social issues. Assisted death is practiced in two differentRead MorePhysician Assisted Suicide And Voluntary Euthanasia1348 Words   |  6 PagesPhysician-assisted suicide and voluntary euthanasia is still under scrutiny for a number of reasons. â€Å"In spring, 1996, the Ninth and Second Circuits were the first circuit courts in the country to find a constitutional prohibition against laws which make physician-assisted suicide a crime† (Martyn Bourguignon, 1997). New York was one of the states that followed this prohibition. Eventually, The Ninth and Second Circuit, â€Å"allow physician-assisted suicide while attempting to protect individuals fromRead MorePHI 103 Final1311 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿ Should Physician-Assisted Suicide Be Legal? Eileen K. Cordova PHI 103 Instuctor James Hardy July 11, 2013 SHOULD PHYSICIAN ASSISTED SUICIDE BE LEGAL Physician-assisted suicide has been a controversial topic for over a decade now. In today’s society, physician-assisted suicide brings so many ehtical questions as such, who is the true owner of our lives? Should releiving pain and suffering always be the highest priority, or does it occure for a reason?

20 Century Genius Award Essay example - 3442 Words

I would like to present the 20th Century Genius Award to Dr. Maya Angelou. She is a remarkable Renaissance woman who is hailed as one of the great voices of contemporary literature. As a poet, educator, historian, best-selling author, actress, playwright, civil-rights activist, producer and director, she continues to travel the world, spreading her legendary wisdom. Within the rhythm of her poetry and elegance of her prose lies Angelous unique power to help readers of every orientation span the lines of race and Angelou captivates audiences through the vigor and sheer beauty of her words and lyrics. (Dr. Maya Angelou, The Official Website,  © 2003) A brief synopsis of the life and time of Dr Maya Angelou; she was born Marguerite†¦show more content†¦She also wrote a book of meditations, Wouldnt Take Nothing For My Journey Now (1993), and childrens books that include My Painted House, My Friendly Chicken and Me (1994) and Life Doesnt Frighten Me (1998). In 1981 Angelou became a professor of American studies at Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina. Among numerous other honors was her invitation to compose and deliver a poem for the inauguration of President Bill Clinton in 1993. Maya Angelou is a woman that has done so much in her life time I would not know where to begin. There is always one poem that she published that will stick in my heart forever. The poem â€Å"Still I Rise† is a phenomenal poem that I think everyone of every race should have the pleasure of being a part of. Still I Rise You may write me down in history, with your bitter, twisted lies, you may trod me in the very dirt But still, like dust, Ill rise. Does my sassiness upset you? Why are you beset with gloom? Cause I walk like Ive got oil wells pumping in my living room. Just like moons and like suns, with the certainty of tides, Just like hopes springing high, Still Ill rise. Did you want to see me broken? Bowed head and lowered eyes? Sho ulders falling down like teardrops, Weakened by my soulful cries. Does myShow MoreRelatedEssay on Sachin Tendulkar1245 Words   |  5 Pagesone of the greatest Test Cricket player. The Master Blaster, holds several batting records, including the most Test centuries and the most one-day international centuries, and was rated in 2002 by Wisden as the second greatest Test batsman ever, after Sir Don Bradman. He received the Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna, Indias highest sporting honour, for 1997-1998, and the civilian award Padma Shri in 1999. Tendulkar was a Wisden Cricketer of the Year in 1997. Sachin was born on 24 April 1973 in MumbaiRead MoreJohn Forbes Nash Jr.912 Words   |  4 Pagesvery important economist. John Forbes Nash Jr. was an American mathematician, and an economist. John Mill was a British Philosopher, economist, moral and political theorist, and was the most influential English-speaking philosopher in the nineteenth century. John Forbes Nash Jr. and John Stuart Mill were both very intelligent as young children. John Stuart Mill learned to read as a toddler and began to study Latin at the age of three. John Forbes Nash Jr. read a lot at the age four, also learned LatinRead MoreThe United States Progress and Henry Ford Automobile Industry897 Words   |  4 Pagesthe nation stronger in the long run, or as the famous quote would put it; what doesn’t kill you makes you stronger. But those events aren’t what this paper is about, the genius inventions and ideas from great Americans such as Henry Ford are what really allowed the country to become w hat it has. At the start of the 20th century Henry Ford sought after a way to quickly and affordably assemble a motor vehicle that would be viable and feasible to the working middle-class of America. By constructingRead MoreThe Carleton Prize For Biotechnology974 Words   |  4 PagesLeeuwenhoek Shukri Dalal 100950887 BIOL 1010- Biotechnology and Society Professor James J. 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It was one of the greatest medical breakthroughs in the 20th century, thanks to Dr. Raymond Damadian the genius behind the MRI. Dr. Damadian started his schooling studying the violin at Juilliard, while there he won the Ford Foundation Scholarship out of 100,000 applicants at the age of 15. He then went on to the University of WisconsinRead More Charlie Chaplin Essay1929 Words   |  8 PagesCharlie Chaplin â€Å"It is absolutely no exaggeration to say that for the greatest part of this century Charlie Chaplin was the most recognizable human being on the planet,† (Burr, 20). Chaplin did everything in show business; he was an actor, director, screenwriter, producer and composer, (Reader‘s Companion 157). He was the ideal rags to riches role model that every American dreamed of becoming. Charlie Chaplin revolutionized American show business and inspired Americans to follow their dreamsRead MoreHitler in Power Essay1719 Words   |  7 Pagesworlds history. 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The book contains some pictures of early inventions of Muslim scientists such as the water pump which was invented by al-Jazari in the 13th century and Ibn Sina’s Canoe of Medicine, to mention a few. 2. Purpose of the Book: The author has written this book

Mark Antony Essay Example For Students

Mark Antony Essay Mark Antony Mark Antony is one of the most famous people of Roman history. He was one of the most superior generals and a crucial statesman in his time. A comrade and patron of Julius Caesar, Antony was an ideal military tactician and leader of the people. He was a man who started out for the people but eventually became hungry for power and empire expansion. Mark Antony was a military and political leader in Caesars time who rose to the highest of Roman power but eventually lost everything due to his greed. Marcus Antonius was born in 83 BC, the son of a noble Roman family, related to the Roman leader Julius Caesar. His father died when he was young and soon after his mother remarried P.Lentulus. Lentulus found him self in trouble and was strangled by Cicero for his involvement in the Catiline Affair. This changed Antonys early life severely and he promised one day he would meet up with Cicero and kill him. Mark Antonys military career started when he was young. His first travels were to Syria where he was soon promoted to a Calvary Commander, and sent off to Judea and Egypt. Antony was later sent to Gaul where he served under Caesar. He was so superior to his peers that at the age of 22 he became Tribune of the People. Soon Antony became a quaestor with a reputation of being a speaker on behalf of Caesars interests while he was no there. It was during this period in Rome where Antony met Fulvia. Fulvia also had a hate for Cicero from her last marriage. They soon were married and Antony was making his way higher in the Roman world. In 49BC, he received the title of Augur (priest and soothsayer). It was during this same year that he vetoed the Senates attempt to take Caesars command. Antony left Rome and traveled to Gaul until things cooled down where he went back to watch over Caesars interests. Caesar soon became enemies against Pompey, Antony tried to defend Caesar and was kicked out of the senate. Antony soon fled with Caesar to get ready for battle. Antony commanded a wing of Caesars Legions at the battle of Pharsalus in 48 BC where Pompey was defeated. Following the battle in 44 BC, Antony became co-consul with Caesar. When Caesar was assassinated on the Ides of March, 44 BC, Antony immediately took all of Caesars possessions including papers, residences, and other assets. He gave his famous speech at Caesars fun eral at the forum and was successful in turning the people against the corrupt senate led by the assassin Brutus. Antony was ignoring a important part of Caesars wishes, to hand everything to his heir Octavian who soon showed up in Rome, but Antony refused to cooperate. Octavian found himself in a difficult position and with Antonys greed and refusal to release Caesars assets, Cicero sought to corrupt the Senate. Octavian was given the rank of senator and the senate backed Octavian against Antony. While Antony was successful in capturing Cisalpine Gaul, he was defeated at Forum Gallorum and Mutina against the young Octavian. Antony was forced to retreat and met up with Plancus, Asinius, and Lepidus. Octavian found that his real enemy was the senate and that they were trying to start battles between powers, the same as between Pompey and Caesar. Octavian soon went to Antony to call a truce and combine forces. They decided they would let another person join with them, Lepidus. Lepidus was an important man who made his fame with Caesar in the civil war and owned the needed Spain. .u318f6079ecf8457460e2aec57ac66cef , .u318f6079ecf8457460e2aec57ac66cef .postImageUrl , .u318f6079ecf8457460e2aec57ac66cef .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u318f6079ecf8457460e2aec57ac66cef , .u318f6079ecf8457460e2aec57ac66cef:hover , .u318f6079ecf8457460e2aec57ac66cef:visited , .u318f6079ecf8457460e2aec57ac66cef:active { border:0!important; } .u318f6079ecf8457460e2aec57ac66cef .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u318f6079ecf8457460e2aec57ac66cef { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u318f6079ecf8457460e2aec57ac66cef:active , .u318f6079ecf8457460e2aec57ac66cef:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u318f6079ecf8457460e2aec57ac66cef .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u318f6079ecf8457460e2aec57ac66cef .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u318f6079ecf8457460e2aec57ac66cef .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u318f6079ecf8457460e2aec57ac66cef .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u318f6079ecf8457460e2aec57ac66cef:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u318f6079ecf8457460e2aec57ac66cef .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u318f6079ecf8457460e2aec57ac66cef .u318f6079ecf8457460e2aec57ac66cef-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u318f6079ecf8457460e2aec57ac66cef:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Vegetarianism EssayIn 43 BC, Antony joined with Octavian and Lepidus to establish a second triumvirat..e. They shared power by Antony ruling the eastern providences and Gaul, Octavian took Italy and Spain, and Lepidus took Africa. Their first objective was to start making a list of their enemies to be killed. The new triumvirate marched on the corrupt senate. In 42 BC, the two opposing armies met at Philippi where Antony led a great victory. The two assassins who were the leaders of the senate both committed suicide at the end. Cicero attempted to flee but was hunted down by the Antonys soldiers, captured and executed. His head and hands were chopped off and sent back to R ome. His head was given to Fulvia as a gift for what she formerly suffered. Ciceros hands were nailed to the Rostra in the Forum. After the battle of Philippi, Octavian returned to Rome, while Antony stayed in Asia Minor where he planned to take Parthia. While there he asked Cleopatra for her help. The two of them then traveled to Alexandria, where they fell in love. He stayed with her for the winter of 41-40 BC. Octavian and Antonys friendship started to deplete again. Antonys wife Fulvia and brother Lucius were back in Italy where they started conflict with Octavian, beginning the Perusine War. They were easily defeated and Fulvia fled to Athens. Antony did not know of the incident and when he found out, he went to Athens to confront his wife. Fulvia became ill and died shortly thereafter. Antony went back to Egypt to tell Cleopatra of the news and then to Brundisium to end the altercation between him and Octavian. At Brundisium, Octavian gave his sister Octavia to Antony in return for the Province of Cisalpine Gaul. The triumvirate was renewedfor an additional five years. Antony soon launched his Parthian campaign which was unsuccessful and was taken by Parthian Calvary. Lepidus was tired of taking care of Africa from Rome so he made a bad decision to take Sicily for himself. As a result he was deprived of his powers and administrative positions to be sent to exile, where he stayed to his death. Antony wanted a great eastern empire and Cleopatra was willing to help. Once again tension between Antony and Octavian started to emerge. Antony told Octavianhow he treated his sister Octavia. Octavian told the public Antony had been having children with Cleopatra and that Egypt was his country where he was getting his wealth. The final break up between Antony and Octavian was when Antony got so mad that he publicly divorced Octavia. Antony also gave his lands that should have been Romes to Cleopatra. Octavian wanted him out of the picture completely so he read Antonys Will which left many gifts to his illegitimate children by Cleopatra. The Senate stepped in and took his powers and started a civil war. Octavian was given a fleet of ships and advanced toward Egypt. Antony met his ships at the gulf of Actium. Antonys heavier ships were no match for Octavians quicker, smaller ships. Antony and Cleopatra sensing a defeat abandoned and went to Alexandria. Octavian soon reached Alexandria where Cleopatra tried to negotiate and when Antony heard of this he fell on his sword committing suicide. Directly after Cleopatra took her life as well with a poisonous snake. Octavian made sure that nothing like this would ever happen again and killed all Antonys children except he ones he had with Octavia. With Lepidus in exile, Antony and Cleopatra dead, their personal treasures and the wealth of Egypt captured, the Pompeian party dead, and the corruption of the Senate, Octavian became the ruler of the Greco-Roman-Egyptian World.

Ancient Egyptian Mythology and Culture A Distinctive Culture

Question: Describe about the Ancient Egyptian Mythology and Culture for A Distinctive Culture. Answer: Introduction Myths reflected human needs, concerns, and imaginations during the ancient times. A close analysis of these myths reveals that there exist a historical background to the human problems and cultures prevailing in the ancient Greek societies. The Ancient Egypt mythology is arguably a concept that has beguiled many archeologists, historians, and other scholars. Egypts ancient civilization offers a distinctive culture which captures most scholars imaginations more than any other culture that prevailed during its time. The reason owes to the Egyptian style of art ranging from mathematical and monumental styles of art to their colorful and consistent arts. In particular, the pyramids at Giza commands attention throughout the world even in the current century; a fact that proves the theme in the Egyptian art. However, a noticeable element that influenced Egyptian culture was the religion which served as a dominant force in Egyptian way of life and influenced almost everything. Antediluvian (ancient) Egyptians believed in several gods who carried out several functions and their (gods) involvement in the Egyptians daily life was vital to their (Egyptians) existence. They believed that the gods were responsible for the maintenance of the universe. The composite/complex Egyptian religious practice undertook several milestones of development and thrived in ancient Egypt for millennia. The essay aims at providing a succinct analysis of how the ancient Egyptian myths reflect the Egyptian culture citing felicitous examples that reflect the purpose of this essay. The society is inarguably a cultural concept in which common behaviors and cultural concepts reflect the relationships people have with each other. As such it is vital to evaluate the cultural impact and aspect of each believe and myth. Richard (2003) defines culture as a reproducible way in which people in a particular society experience and respond to the world around them. Culture serves to provide a set of mechanisms and techniques through which people in a particular society survives. On the other hand, a myth is a complex term owing to its different and contradictory connotations and meanings. While some authors define myth as a fiction that is untrue or dubious others define it as a traditional sacred story characterized by heroes and gods. However, Ashouri (1995) provides a definition that will assist us in analyzing how myths reflect the ancient Egyptian culture and way of life. Ashouri (1995) thus defines a myth as a narrative, whose roots are traceable in folk-ideas, which the society has accepted as the basis of their beliefs and practices which have no simple explanations. A notable point at this point is that the society accepts the folk ideas as a result of many telling. Johnstone (2004) argues that Egyptian mythology served to provide their belief structure and served as the basis of the ancient Egyptian culture from as early as 4000 BC. Burial practices such as tomb painting serve to evidence the earliest aspect of Egyptian culture influenced by their mythology. Myths relating to the universe and the gods who sustained the world informed almost all aspects of life for the ancient Egyptians. Even more interesting is the fact that, through trade Egyptian religion was transmitted to other regions thus influencing other cultures in several parts of the world. Development of the belief of the existence of life after death and reincarnation reflects the influence/impact of the Egyptian mythology to other cultures. Religion served as the most dominant and influential force in ancient Egypt. We can trace the concept of Egyptian religion from as early as 3100 BCE through the various milestone of developments of a wide array of gods. An analysis of various explanations for the origin of these gods reveals that the gods developed from the various forces of nature. There existed a famous concept of animism which held that spirits inhabited/resided in various natural worlds features such as rivers, the wind, the sun, and thunders/lightening. According to Hart (2005), polytheism characterized religion in ancient Egypt which means that they subscribed to numerous gods (approximately 700 in total). However, two main gods (Amon-Ra and Osiris) serves as the foundation of the Egyptian culture and civilization. The ancient Egyptians believed that there existed a close link or interdependence between the social, religious, cultural, and political realms. As such, the religious beliefs handled all the cultura l, political, and social decisions. Various studies establish that various ancient Egyptian traditions served to influence the ancient Egyptian religion which caused them (ancient Egyptians) to resist change. Bricault et al., (2007) argues that no Egyptian questioned the beliefs which the society held and their primary aim throughout history was to maintain these beliefs which they believed had the foundation in the dawn of creation. The Egyptians made statues of several gods who they worshiped and appeased. On their parts, the Egyptians believed that the gods provided protection and assisted in the preserving of law and order in their society. The society held the King as the high priest who had the sole responsibility of appeasing the gods on behalf of the whole society. The king would stand in his place which was ahead of the statue that the ancient Egyptian believed was the gods physical home. In return, for appeasing the gods, the latter granted the king his divinity. The Egyptians believed that droughts, hunger, famine, diseases, war, pestilence, and all other forms of calamities resulted from the gods displeasure. As a result of this belief, the ancient Egyptians would invoke and appease the gods throughout each day; a fact that played an indispensable role in the ancient Egyptians daily lives. Roberts (1968) notes that the major believe that influenced the Egyptian culture was that the gods provided for them and maintained the order of daily life. The word maat served to not only personify but also to represent the god Maat, whose role was to balance and maintain the order of the universe. The Egyptians further beli eved that maat and other gods influenced the flow of river Nile and were responsible for the growth of food. Given the king's duty to appease the gods and the consequent divinity granted to the king by the gods, the ancient Egyptian believed that the king (Pharaoh) was not a mere political ruler/king. He was a god who the Egyptians associated with Re the sun gods son, Horus. Further, they believed that upon the death of the king, he would be reincarnated to an Osiris, one of the two main gods, who would assist the Egyptians once they too died. As a result of this belief, the king had huge/immense powers and attributed anything going well in the society to the kings well-done job. Richard (1994) argues that life in the ancient Egypt revolved around the king (Pharaoh) and his royal family. Sam (2003) provides a complete and perfect description of the ancient Egypt when he says that ancient Egypt was like a single community unit with societal divisions which comprised of peasant families/masses and the kings household (the house of the god who was incarnated in the king). The kings household controlled and directed trade and all other economic activities owing to their divine status. As Ruth and John (1968) notes the divine status of the king as a god, resulted in a stable central government that had never been witnessed before in the history of Mesopotamia. Given the kings god-divine status, the ancient Egyptians believed that no other ruler, regardless of how powerful he was, was divine save for the pharaoh. As such, Pharaoh became the primary religious and political influential figure in the ancient Egyptian widespread culture. He was the link between divinity and humanity, invisible and the visible, life and death (Westendorf, 1968). As such he served as the cynosure of all the political and religious activities in the ancient Egypt commonly known as the Old Kingdom. On account of their immense power, the king owned all the land in Egypt and served as the controller of all the irrigation schemes. Three broad classes existed in ancient Egypt and reflected the social inequality in the Old Kingdom. The upper class comprised of the court nobility, the priests, and the landed nobility (Matweew, 1963). While the main duty of the priest was to preside over religious ceremonies such as burials, the court nobles provided advisory services to the government. On the other hand, the landed nobles managed the court nobles and priests estates. As such, the upper class thrived in a life of richness characterized by palatial homes and sumptuous meals. The middle class comprised of teachers, doctors, rich traders among other rich persons in the society. The third class, and the lowest comprised of slaves who in most cases were prisoners of war. Wadsworth and Williams (2005) notes that they (lower class) were peasant farmers with huge tax burdens, few or no political rights, and mostly victims of forced labor. However, there was a possibility for the hardworking citizens to rise to higher classes in ancient Egypt. Such an argument dates back to the biblical story of the Exodus, in which Joseph who had been sold as a slave rose to become the second most powerful person in Pharaohs administrative structure. The best example of how the ancient Egyptians religious beliefs influenced their lifestyle is the practice of mummification. They believed that the body is a separate entity from the soul. However, they had to preserve the physical body which served to provide a dwelling place for the soul/spirit after the death. According to the ancient Egyptians understanding of human existence; the current life (life on earth) forms one part (a small segment) of an eternal journey which is controlled/influenced by supernatural forces. The forces exist in the forms of gods/deities. Due to this belief, the Egyptian performed mummification which aimed at preserving the physical body for eternity while at the same time setting the soul free for its journey to the world after life (Baines, 1991). The most noticeable and important role that mummification played in the ancient Egypt was to bring unity to the ancient Egyptians just as Osiris did. The basis of how the Egyptian treated women rests on the influence by the cosmology of Isis. The latter was Osiris's wife and took on her husbands role following his death thus assuming a rather prominent role which saw her become a dominant figure. Before his death, Osiris co-ruled with his wife Isis with the main role of deciding where trees and other plants would grow the best for the peoples needs. In the ancient Egypt, women gained prominent roles and rights in marriage when Isis assumed power. Such rights included the right to inherit property and the freedom to seek divorce and remarry (Assmann, 2001). However, the Egyptians restricted priesthood to men who derived their divinity from the gods with women playing secondary roles in temple rituals and religious roles. Egyptian art and architecture further reflected the allusion of the ancient Egyptian mythology. Roberts (2001) notes that illustrations of the mythical events and symbols representing the gods appeared extensively in most religious writings mostly in temples. In their temples, the design of the central path served to reflect the path of the god of the sun across the sky. Moreover, at the end of the central path in the temple there existed a sanctuary which symbolized the place of creation from which the suns god arose from. In a similar manner, the tombs corridors represented the journey that the gods traveled through Duat to the burial chamber of Osiris. Even more interesting is the fact mythic symbolism have inspired the most prominent architectural forms of Egyptian art; the pyramids (Quirke, 2001). The pyramid structures serve to represent the not only the creation but also the original sunrise which served as an assurance of life after death. The design of other ordinary works such as amulets particularly the protective amulets was designed to not only reflect but also to evoke mythic themes. For example, amulets which in most cases were scarab-shaped evoked the regeneration of life and referred to Khepri which was the form that the Egyptian believed the sun god took at dawn. Conclusion Although the development of ancient Egyptian mythology proves hard to trace, various cultural events and practices in ancient Egypt serve to reflect the Egyptian mythology. Mythical themes and motifs appear in almost all aspects of the ancient Egyptians way of life. However, most of the myths in the old Egypt tried to explain the origin of various elements and the reasons why certain things happen in a particular way. Moreover, the myths seek to justify the ancient Egyptians traditions and to address the primary queries about the world. A dominant feature of ancient Egyptian mythology is their religion which influenced almost all aspects of their daily life including politics. They believed that the interactions and individual actions of the various gods governed the behavior of all the forces ranging from natural elements such as the sun, the earth, rivers, and rain to abstract objects such as creativity, leadership, and knowledge. Religious understanding of the ancient Egyptian ser ves as a vital element in the analysis of the ancient Egyptian cultures; however, it is not as essential in other cultures. References Ashouri D., (1995). Definition and Concept of Culture. 1st ed. Tehran: Agah Publishing House Assmann, J., (2001). The Search for God in Ancient Egypt. Translated by David Lorton. Cornell University Press. Baines, J., (1991). "Egyptian Myth and Discourse: Myth, Gods, and the Early Written and Iconographic Record". Journal Near Eastern Studies. 50 (2): 117 Bricault, L., Miguel, J., and Paul P., eds. (2007). Nile into Tiber: Egypt in the Roman World. Proceedings of the IIIrd International Conference of Isis Studies, Faculty of Archaeology, Leiden University, May 1114, 2005. Brill. Eliade, M. (1963). Myths and Reality. 1st ed. New York: Harper Row Hart, G., (2005). The Routledge Dictionary of Egyptian Gods and Goddesses, Second Edition. Routledge. Johnston, S., (2004). Religions of the Ancient World: A Guide. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press Quirke, S., (2001). The Cult of Ra: Sun Worship in Ancient Egypt. Thames and Hudson. Richard, H., (2003). The Complete Gods and Goddesses of Ancient Egypt. Thames Hudson. Richard, H., (1994). Symbol Magic in Egyptian Art. Thames and Hudson Ltd. London. Robert, M., (1968). Culture and Social Anthropology: An Overture. 2nd ed. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall Matthews, W., (1963). World Religions, 6th edition. New York: Robert, A., (2001). Gods and Myths of Ancient Egypt. The American University in Cairo Press. Ruth, W., and John, W., (1986). The Making of Civilization, History Discovered Through Archaeology, New York: Knopf. Wadsworth, W., and Williams, M., (2005). The Rise of the West, Chicago: U of Chicago. Westendorf, W., (1968). Painting, Sculpture, and Architecture of Ancient Egypt. Harry N. Abrams, Inc. New York. .

Musical Concert Report free essay sample

The melody starts with a slow introduction leading to a sat tempo with bright and crisp accents, but still with a lot of warmth In the sound. This piece consists of 9 movements and starts with trumpets, horns, strings and bassoons. This piece has a march theme, that reflects mood of the overture. The march leads listeners to the main section of the piece, which has a folksy Hungarian character. The whole overture Is in the key of E flat major. The duration of the overture Is 8 minutes, but even through that short period of time I was able to notice how extensive was the music in the piece. In my opinion this overture was great.It as composed in E flat major and its contrast was used by its mood change and it felt to me that Beethoven tried to imitate the rhythm of Hungarian language in which the accent of the word falls on the first syllable. We will write a custom essay sample on Musical Concert Report or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Performers displayed a wide range of textures and some elements of Hungarian folk music. The melody was fast and had a theme of pride to a Hungarian hero. The tempo of the piece is quiet fast. Players moved into a solo performances starting with trumpets, horn and strings creating a mood of the overture. Most of Beethovens compositions In my opinion start with a errors tune and ends with in a festive musical way.The overture ends with an extroverted sound and A stirring Coda brings it to its close. The second piece that is titled as  «Symphony by Withhold Litigiously was composed In a years of 1941-1947. This piece contains four solid movements, that are followed by a certain structure: Allegro gluttons, Pico adagio. Allegretto molesters, and Allegro vice. It definitely has strong melodic themes, combined with several different temps and a good variety of moods. It lasts around 20-25 minutes and during this time it feels that music travels through different emotional stages. The loudness and energy of this section captures listeners attention and creates a dramatic atmosphere. The symphony consists a number of woodwinds. Beginning in a very dramatic manner, it eventually brightness up and creates an optimistic feeling as it goes. The first movement an Allegro gusto is in a clear sonata form, presented not as a continued melody, but as a collection of motives. The clear tonal center of D Is presented In it. The rhythms of a symphony often elaborated and brilliant orchestration of Salon clearly made the whole symphony even better. The En Symphony #1 ended. After a short intermission the concert continued, performing another piece that Nas called  «Fanfare for Los Angles Philharmonic ». It was very short and included 5 horns, 4 trumpets, 4 trombones, tuba, timpani and percussion. It was composed in 1993 . The piece opened in a dynamic rhythm and immediately expands as it goes. At one point it reached a part where all pitches and rhythms were perfectly noted, but unsynchronized. The energy and the rhythm was shocking. The repetition of the sounds and random groups of notes were often followed by a big drum thwack in the recursion . Individual players repeated small melodic motives without regard to the exact way in which their neighbors were performing. Controlled by Salon in overall span, made an illusion of complex counterpoint. Starting with moving notes, music in this piece came to a rest and became slower and more quite and eventually closed the first section. Next came a syncopated section with rich harmony, and in some way it reminded me of the first section. Timpani with the three notes summarized the main indication of the piece. Its only 1 minute long and was greatly performed, butNans my favorite piece in the concert. The fourth piece Which was the last in the concert was  «Symphony #2 in D major » by Ludwig van Beethoven. It was composed in 1802 and 35 minutes long. The orchestration consisted of: 2 flutes, 2 horns, 2 clarinets, 2 oboes, 2 bassoons, timpani and strings. This piece seemed longer, more complex and in my opinion -a masterpiece that was the best part of the concert. It has 4 movements. The piece opened with the introduction in D major, that seems like a statement of a great power. The first movement is in sonata-allegro form.Through this movement I was blew to hear the returning of the beginning and is extended by a lengthy Coda. It was lividly contrasted in dynamics. The second movement, Lorgnette, is in A key major. It is a slow and long movement with elements of folk music. Third movement, Scherzo, includes oboe and bassoons quartet. It is build upon a single chord. The final movement of the symphony, Allegro molt, has rapid string parts. The opening motif is very different from the other ones. It dont have a defined cadence and has a full motif. The rhythm groupings seemed not very regular in this piece.

Analysis of Work, Energy and Power Experiment Essays

Analysis of Work, Energy and Power Experiment Essays Analysis of Work, Energy and Power Experiment Essay Analysis of Work, Energy and Power Experiment Essay Analysis of Data In the first part of the experiment, we use a fan cart and first thing we do it to get the force of the fan cart by tying a string in the fan cart and hang a mass until the system is not moving that means that it is in equilibrium state. The tension in the string is equal so that the hanging mass multiplied by the gravitational pull of the earth which is 9. 8 ms2 is equal to the force exerted by the fan cart. Then we remove the string and turn on the fan cart and then let it move and record the time when it passes the certain distance in the track. We can say that the time that’s being recorded for the four trials is directly proportional to the distance or displacement that being covered by the cart, as the displacement increases the time also increases, and we can also say that the velocity is constant because the fan cart gives off a constant force. The result that we got for work in the four trials is increasing from the first trial to the last trial because we increases the distance it covers and the work is the product of the force and the distance covered by the object. And the power is the rate at which the work is done it is the work done per unit of time which is second. We got the values of power by dividing the work by the time we got in the smart timer reading. And in table 2, we measure the length of the string and the initial height which is the distance of the mass in the table which serve as our reference line. And the using the spring balance we lift the mass in different angles, in trial 1 we use 30Â °, second trial we use 60Â °, third trial 45Â ° and the fourth trial we use 90Â °. As we lift the mass we measure the distance of the mass from our reference line and the horizontal distance of it from its original position and also we record the reading of the force in the spring balance. From those values we compute for the work and the gravitational potential energy of that table. For the work done we use the formula w=mg L 1-cos? and for the gravitational potential energy we use the formula PEg=mg(hf-h0). We must derive the same result with the work done and the gravitational potential energy or close to that because L 1-cos? s equals to hf-h0. There are hundredths discrepancies on the result maybe because of our measurement in the height but we can say that it is also close to each other. Conclusion In this experiment I learn that the greater the displacement the greater the work done with a constant force acting on the system. And also I learn that the work done is equal to the gravitational potential energy. Work, power and energy vary directly to the displa cement or change in height. There is no work done, power and energy when there is no displacement occurs in the system. Energy is just changing from one form to another and it is neither be destroyed nor created. It is the ability of an object to do work and the rate of work with respect to time is called power. And work is just the product of the force and the displacement. The can be positive, negative and even zero depending on the angles between the force acting on it and the displacement done by the object. The gravitational potential energy is the energy stored within an object due to its height above the surface of the earth. To lift a certain object upward, the work must be done against the downward pull of the earth. And it also varies directly to the weight of an object that being lifted, the heavier the object is the higher work or energy is needed to lift it upward. One of the best examples of work, energy and power is when you are walking at a certain displacement, even you are just walking you’re already doing work the force is your weight and multiplied it to the displacement you covered from walking you already compute the work you’ve done and the power is basically the work over the time you covered from walking, the power is the rate of the work you’ve done and the energy is capacity for doing that work which is walking.

Development of Rural Economy Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 8250 words

Development of Rural Economy - Thesis Example Economic growth is believed to be evenly distributed when it helps both the rural and urban areas of a country. In this, the economy of USA is taken as model for development that could be used by Australia and Iraq to develop their rural side. It is believed that although Australia and Iraq are among the richest nations of the world but they have failed to develop their rural areas and there is large disparity of income and standard of living between people of rural and urban areas. The paper does not only talk about economic issues related to the lack of growth of rural areas in the countries mentioned above but also talks about the social issues and social changes that are needed to be imposed by the governments of respective nations in their search of achieving balanced economic growth. This paper has also suggested a new theory of rural vs. urban trade-off to explain how investment could result in growing both the rural and urban areas of any economy. Economic growth is a field of Development Economics that shows the growth in GDP or annual out of a economy over a period of time which is usually taken as a year. An economy is said to be growing if the output in the current year is greater than the previous year. For example, if the GDP in current is $120, whereas in the previous year it was $100, then one can safely that the economy is growing by 20%. Economists usually prefer diffused growth in the economy rather regional growth. The reason behind this is that region growth leads to disparity between different region of a country and can lead to urbanization and problems that coincide with it. Economic growth is usually brought about by following factors or by the following conditions: Output is growing: This implies that output in the current year should be greater than the output produced in the previous year. Output should be greater than inflation and population growth: Some times price increases also tend to move up the value of output. However, any value increase of GDP due to inflation is not considered as an economic growth of a country. Economic growth occurs when there is physical increase in the quantity of goods and this increase should also be greater than increase in population growth for an economy to grow. United States of America meets these conditions better than Iraq and Australia and that is why American economy has grown so much relative to these economies. Labor Productivity increases: If Labor productivity increase, they will be able to produce more output in the given production hours. This will result in economic growth of an economy and the United States of America is a prime example of this. Investment in Capital Goods: More capital means that the economy

Personal Change Case Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Personal Change Case - Essay Example is a time when a person becomes aware of his/her own individuality or identity; it is also a time when he/she establishes important relationships, both with friends and lovers. These physical and psychosocial changes suggest that a person at this stage in their life probably undergoes changes in their personality as well. In this paper I will reflect on how I have experienced all of these changes over the last few years, and on how I coped with these changes with reference to Virginia Satir’s Transformational Model of Change. My life in Hong Kong was without worry and I was seemingly living in a fantasy world. I wanted and waited for nothing from my parents, although divorced; they provided me with everything I desired, including love, money for shopping, money for overseas travel in my school breaks, in fact money for anything. I was popular amongst my peers and had many friends with whom I could spend time shopping, dancing, partying and generally just having a good time. I was not an A grade student but received relatively good grades considering the amount of time and effort I put into my study, which was relatively little. My life ran smoothly; I knew what I was doing from day to day, my parents made all my decisions for me, planned my present and future life and I never really considered that things would change. I assumed that my life would always be this way and in some way I was living a fairytale inside a glass bubble – not even considering that one day that bubble may burst! My parents decided that it would be a good experience for me to study overseas, an idea to which I did not consider or see fit to question. In fact it sounded rather exciting to me and I was eager to have the opportunity of further travel, spending real time in another country and making new friends. I failed to consider that this move was a major change in my life and one that would bring about major change in myself. At the beginning my move to America was fine. I settled

Human genetic engineering Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Human genetic engineering - Research Paper Example s of an organism and can either be positive or negative where negative brings a subject up to par while positive modifies genetic material to bring it beyond normal limitations (171-175). However, it is important to note that amid arguments and hot debate regarding genetic engineering, it is ethical to use technology in particular cases including altering cells and DNA to minimize disease effects and combating other genetic disorders. This article provides argument regarding human genetic engineering. Biotechnology is the utilization of science and biology technology to alter the living or non-living materials for the production of knowledge, goods, services that are innovative and can improve people’s lives (Evans 44-48). It is a technology that uses living organisms to make superior products that meets life’s greatest needs in a careful and regulated way and serving the needs of scientists. It is worth noting that biotechnology has been in existence for quite a long time including preservation of dairy products and beer fermentation and forms a huge part of the daily life but it has now been to humans. According to Evans, biotechnology plays a major role in meeting human’s daily needs through resource efficiency, food security as well as modification of human genes (44-48). Various things including increase in yields characterize biotechnology as well as offering built in protection against insect damage, prevention of soil erosion, and eventually reduce po verty by increasing food security for a growing population (Gyngell 495-503). However, biotechnology has had serious effects on both human and enhanced climatic changes. Genetically modified humans and organisms are technologically altered through the process of modern biotechnology or gene technology. They are developed because they are perceived to super human who are capable of performing many things that cannot be performed by ordinary persons (Evans 52-59). It is important to note that human

Literature Review on Emotions Across Cultures

Literature Review on Emotions Across Cultures Ms. Shweta Gaikwad RESEARCH METHODOLOGY OF EMOTIONS ACCROSS CULTURES (EMIC, ETIC OR A COMBINATION OF BOTH) Introduction: The terms emic and etic were coined in 1954, by linguist Kenneth Pike, who argued that the tools developed for describing linguistic behaviors could be adapted to the description of any human social behavior. Emic and Etic are terms used by anthropologists and by others in the social and behavioral sciences to refer to two kinds of data concerning human behavior. In particular, they are used in cultural anthropology to refer to kinds of fieldwork done and viewpoints obtained. In the field of cross-cultural research, the emic approach involves examining one culture at a time to evaluate how insiders or participants interpret a phenomenon. The criteria for evaluating behaviors relate to the insiders, and the structure is discovered by the researchers. On the other hand, the etic approach involves comparing different cultures. Behavior is studied from the perspective of an outsider, the criteria for evaluating behaviors are viewed as â€Å"universal† and the structure is created by the researchers. Definition: â€Å"The emic approach investigates how local people think (Kottak, 2006). How they perceive and categorize the world, their rules for behavior, what has meaning for them, and how they imagine and explain things.† The etic approach realizes that members of a culture often are too involved in what they are doing to interpret their cultures impartially â€Å"The etic (scientist-oriented) approach shifts the focus from local observations, categories, explanations, and interpretations to those of anthropologist.† When using the etic approach, the ethnographer emphasizes what he or she considers important. Early Etic and Epic studies in Psychology: Swiss psychoanalyst, Carl Jung, is a researcher who took an etic approach in his studies. Jung studied mythology, religion, ancient rituals, and dreams leading him to believe that there are archetypes used to categorize people’s behaviors. Archetypes are universal structures of the collective unconscious that refer to the inherent way people are predisposed to perceive and process information. The main archetypes that Jung studied were the persona (how people choose to present themselves to the world), the animus/ anima (part of people experiencing the world in viewing the opposite sex, that guides how they select their romantic partner), and the shadow (dark side of personalities because people have a concept of evil. Well-adjusted people must integrate both good and bad parts of themselves). Jung looked at the role of the mother and deduced that all people have mothers and see their mothers in a similar way; they offer nurture and comfort. His studies also suggest that †Å" infants have evolved to suck milk from the breast, it is also the case that all children have inborn tendencies to react in certain ways.† This way of looking at the mother is an etic way of applying a concept cross- culturally and universally. Recent Researches on Emic and Epic across Culture: I) West Meets East: Incorporating the Emic Perspective for Cross-cultural Business Communication by Yunxia Zhu, University of Queensland Business School The researcher has shed light on the rapid development of internationalization and globalization, cross-cultural business communication is drawing increasing research  attention. The researcher has reviewed and reported findings based on 177 journal papers, published after 1990, in various Journals of Business Communication. The researcher indicates that there has been a shift of research focus towards  Asia and other emerging economies with the rise of Asia and Latin America  (e.g., China, India, and Brazil) in the world economic arena. However, Many Scholars contemplate dominant approach of crosscultural communication and management is Still largely based on polarised cultural dimensions, (e.g., Individualism and collectivism). Hofstede’s (2001). The research highlights the issue relating to the imbalanced emic-etic focus and propose specific ways of addressing this imbalance, through the discussion on the following three points: Introduction of the concepts of emic and etic perspective, and discussion of the relevance to cross-cultural business communication. The sources of emic researches and suggest ways of incorporating them. The theoretical and practical implications of applying the emic perspective and suggest some future research directions. The researcher refers to Kenneth Pikes (1967) contribution and definition of the terms epic and ethic and concludes that the etic unit was from the outside in, providing access into the system but only as the starting point of analysis; the full understanding of the emic is the ultimate end point. However the researcher fails to mention the terms are coined priory by Pikes in 1954. According to the researcher the importance of the emic approach has drawn increasing research attention but it has not been given sufficient research attention in cross-cultural business communication. Also it is crucial to explore and incorporate The emic perspectives in order to reach a balanced view about the culture and communication in the new economic and cross-cultural contexts. The researcher has further discussed the Imposed Ethic approach, The Integrative Etic-Emic Approach and Emically Derived Etic Approach with relevance to various researches in the respective fields. There are enough evidences of researches In conclusion the expant research points to the imperative of incorporating the emic perspective in order to explore the nuances and richness of cultures. Whereas, the emic perspective is especially important today when the East meets the West. The study of incorporating emic perspectives has both theoretical and practical implications. Theoretically, the emic can complement the etic approach, hence extending the prevalent etic approach. The researcher further suggests future study can examine how emic perspectives can extend other cultural dimensions. Also indicating that various theories can be viewed in the light of emic perspective to derive or facilitate culture studies. The limitation or overlapping of the theories is also pointed out that some imposed etic or prevalent Western theories are in fact emic in nature. Thus leading to the need to identify the limitations of these theories including tracing sources and contexts of these theories while applying them. The researcher states that the emic sources of knowledge also extend the etic approach, offering us a wider range of alternative perspectives from emic sources for cross-cultural adaptation. For example, we can be more flexible with communication styles with different group of people in different contexts. The researcher concludes with the conception that there is potential for developing new theories and for complementing extant theories drawing from emic sources, which will help to achieve significant impact and answer the ‘so what’ question for cross-cultural business communication research. II) Toward a new approach to the study of personality in culture. by  Cheung, Fanny M.; van de Vijver, Fons J. R.; Leong, Frederick T. L. The research reviews recent developments in the study of culture and personality measurement. Three approaches are described: an etic approach that focuses on establishing measurement equivalence in imported measures of personality, an emic (indigenous) approach that studies personality in specific cultures, and a combined emic–etic approach to personality. The research proposes the latter approach as a way of combining the methodological rigor of the etic approach and the cultural sensitivity of the emic approach. The combined approach is illustrated by two examples: the first with origins in Chinese culture and the second in South Africa. The article ends with a discussion of the theoretical and practical implications of the combined emic–etic approach for the study of culture and personality and for psychology as a science. III) Views From Inside and Outside: Integrating Emic and Etic Insights about Culture and Justice Judgment by Michael W. Morris, Stanford University Kwok Leung, Chinese University of Hong Kong; Daniel Ames, University of California at Berkeley and Brian Lickel, University of California at Santa Barbara. The research focuses on synergy between emic and etic approaches to research on culture and cognition. The research contemplates the integrative limitation as well as simulative progressive characteristics of emic and etic approaches to research. The research notes that the emic or inside perspective follows in the tradition of  psychological studies of folk beliefs (Wundt, 1888) and The etic or outside perspective  follows in the tradition of behaviourist psychology (Skinner, 1938).The two perspectives/approaches persists in contemporary scholarship, in psychology, between cultural psychologists (Shweder, 1991) and cross-cultural psychologists (Smith Bond, 1998). Varied views on emic and etic approaches, as facilitating and bringing limitations to one another as integrative, with context to anthropology, comparatives and psychology, are elaborated. Further contemplating that, emic and etic researchers tend to have differing assumptions about culture. Emic researchers tend to assume that a culture is best understood as an interconnected whole or system, whereas etic researchers are more likely to isolate particular components of culture and state hypotheses about their distinct antecedents and consequences. The researchers agree that there is differences in justice judgments made in East Asian cultural settings, as opposed to Western settings. The researchers examine selected results from the two key components of distributive justice perception: selecting principles and construing behavior. East Asian cultures have suggested that the principle of harmony is salient in Confucist cultural settings (Hsu, 1953). Whereas Western common sense and theory (Deutsch, 1985). Chinese respondents give more weight to group-oriented values than do North Americans (e.g., Singh,Huang, Thompson, 1962). Emic research has revealed novel constructs (e.g., generosity as a means to harmony), has challenged etic constructs (the notion that individuals adherence to individualist  and collectivist values is captured by a unitary dimension), and has suggested new solutions  (e.g., distinguishing types of ingroup relations). Insights concerning cultural influence on the  interpretation of behavior relevant to justice comes mostly from emic studies. Emic analysis of how culture shapes judgment of deservingness has gone furthest in studies of indigenous Chinese constructs. Although there can be no doubt that an employees social connections enter into appraisals in many Western settings, the role of an employees connections  in an evaluation of his or her worth generally is left implicit and unarticulated by Western observers. To summarize the researchers have described several forms of stimulation in which  developments within each research tradition are provoked and challenged by findings in the  other tradition. Moreover, researchers have argued that an integrative explanatory framework incorporating insights from both traditions avoids limitations of purely etic and purely emic findings in conceptualizing culture and in capturing its various influences on cognition. In conclusion , the researchers have argued that integrative frameworks have several advantages as guides to solving the applied problem of managing justice perceptions  in international organizations. That is, an integrative framework enables better anticipation  of employees justice sensitivities, better decision making about a firms policy options,  and, once a policy is chosen, better implementation. Conclusion The researches on etic and epic approaches suggest that use of integrative approach provides a better understanding of cross-cultural researches. The cultural differences in context to personality, organizational, communication and emotion studies can be broadly generalised if the integrative approach is used. The limitations of one approach are the advantage of the other. Many studies indicate that some emic studies include an epic approach. REFERENCES Cheung, F. M.; van de Vijver, Fons J. R.; Leong, Frederick T. L. (2011) Toward a new approach to the study of personality in culture. American Psychologist, Vol. 66(7), pp.593-603.  Retrived on 19th November 2013 from:  http://psycnet.apa.org/index.cfm?fa=buy.optionToBuyid=2011-01448-001 Emic and Etic Researches-concept  Retrieved on 19th November 2013 from:  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emic_and_etic Friedman, Howard S; Schustack, Miriam W (2012), Personality: Classic Theories and Modern Research, Boston: Pearson Allyn Bacon. Kottak, Conrad (2006), Mirror for Humanity, New York, NY: McGraw Hill. Morris, M. W.; Leung, K.; Ames, D. and Lickel, B.( 1999).Views From Inside and Outside: Integrating Emic and Etic Insights about Culture and Justice Judgment.  Academy of Management Review, Vol. 24. No. 1781-796.

The Linguistic Situation of South Africa :: essays research papers fc

When it comes to linguistics, South Africa is like a melting pot of languages. In total, South Africa has eleven major languages coming from both Africa and Europe. The major languages used are Afrikaans, English, Ndebele, Pedi, Sesotho, Swazi, Tsonga, Tswana, Venda, Xhosa and Zulu. In order to understand how each of these languages arrived in South Africa, we must first look at the history of people living in the country. The first identified language spoken in the South Africa was Khoisan. This language was spoken by the indigenous people of South Africa, the Khoikhio, who lived mainly in the southern coastal regions of the country. Over the years this language has slowly faded away along with the native Khoikhio people. Today there are only a few native South Africans left who can still speak Khoisan living in the western sections of the country.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Some time around the eighth century many Bantu tribes migrated south from central Africa into the northern territories of South Africa. Each of these Bantu tribes brought with them their own distinct Bantu language—nine of which still remain and are recognized today as official languages by the South African Government. These languages are used throughout the African population, which makes up three quarters of South Africa’s people. These languages include: Sesotho, Tsonga, Pedi, Tswana, Venda; and the Nguni group of Bantu languages: Xhosa, Ndebele, Swazi, and Zulu.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the present, Zulu is the Bantu language with the largest number of speakers. In KwaZulu and Natal there are nine million people that speak this language. Falling right behind with seven million speakers is the language of Xhosa. Xhosa can be found around Transei, Ciskei, and on the Eastern Cape. The official language of Swaziland is Swazi with two million speakers. The last Nguni language is Ndebele, which is spoken by half a million people in some northeastern parts of South Africa. Between the four separate Nguni languages there are 12 different dialects. Pedi and Sesotho are both a part of the Sotho group of Bantu Languages and they share 11 different dialects. Pedi is the strongest language in the Sotho group. Pedi has four million speakers all over the country. Three million people in Qwaqwa and Orange Free State speak Sesotho. Tsonga, which has four dialects, has four million speakers living in Mozambique and Swaziland. Tswana spoken in Botswana has aroun d three million speakers. Venda, spoken mainly in Transvaal, has over half a million speakers.

What Makes CarMax Great? Essay

                  Organizational culture forms part of the influencing factor towards the success of an organization. Within every organization, there are practices, which are considered the norm, and dictates how operations in an organization are carried out. Organization culture also depends on the type of leadership within an organization. CarMax organization culture has contributed greatly to its performance, which has seen it become famous in all of its locations to the extent of being ranked among the top companies in Fortune 500 magazine. Its culture revolves various artefacts such as language, physical structure, values, ceremonies and rituals. The success of the company is realized from benefits of organizational culture, which include increased sales, productivity, customers’ loyalty and efficient service delivery. Therefore, positive organizational culture should be promoted within organizations. Abstract                Organizational culture is as a set of attitudes, norms, beliefs and practices that are shared by employees as well as the management in any organization or company (McShane, & Von, 2014). The culture generally includes various factors such as how customers, suppliers, employees and other stakeholders are treated when making decisions within an organization in addition to speed, level and process of decision-making (Ovidiu-Iliuta, 2014). Moreover, the culture encompasses the level of control and formality that is applied when carrying out operations and rewards giving to good performances within an organization.                CarMax IncOrganizational culture plays an important role within organizations whereby it helps in outlining the behaviors that are appropriate for employees and other operation practices. An organization that has clearly defined it culture ensures that the members of the organization know what the company or organization expects from them and stakeholders expect from the company (McShane, & Von, 2014). Organizational culture simply helps in defining an organization and its employees and giving it identity. The sense of identity is also communicated to the customers of the company, the employees of the company, the suppliers as well as the general public that constantly interact with the company.                All stakeholders, both external and internal, know who a company or an organization is through the culture that is communicated to them by the company or organization (Ledimo, 2013). Furthermore, it is to be noted that organizational culture helps in giving employees the sense of identity and provides the overall goals and objectives of the organization. Organizational culture is what holds the company or organization together through hard times and easy times (CarMax, Inc. SWOT Analysis, 2014).                CarMax is one of the largest retailers of used cars in the United States and is one of the Fortune 500 Companies. The first location of the company was opened up in the year 1993, and since then, it has experienced increased growth (CarMax Business Services, LLC, 2014). The CarMax Company had 128 locations by January 2014, clearly an indication that the company has grown over the years. The growth in the company can greatly be attributed to the organizational culture and values among other factors, which have propelled the company to the current position. Artifacts Language                CarMax Company is a retailer based in the United States. The language that is generally used for business in the United States is the English language (Ovidiu-Iliuta, 2014). As part of the language used at CarMax, the slogan used which helps in giving identity to the company is â€Å"The way car buying should be.† The employees work as team, which is evidenced by high interpersonal relationships among them. The interpersonal relationship is also extended to customers where employees’ high communication skills are maintained across all departments. Rituals/ceremonies                   Apart from the language that is used within the company for business and interactions between the associates and even with customers and other stakeholders, ceremonies are part of the organizational culture within the company. It is the culture of CarMax that whenever employees perform well, they are reward for their efforts. The rewards do not only just come in form of presents and other rewards; instead, the company always organize for steak cookouts for the employees. The steak cookouts are conducted regularly every time there are employees to be reward for great performance within the company. This provides an opportunity for the employees to interact with one another and share their ideas for the improvement of their performance and success of the company.                   Furthermore, it is also part of the organizational culture to ensure that the associates within the company have fun in addition to the customers. The company organizes for regular pizza parties and steak outs for its employees and encourages an atmosphere that is friendly driven by the focus of the company on integrity towards the customers and the employees of the company (McShane, & Von, 2014). Employees are rewarded with benefits such as holidays, time away, and paid vacations. Furthermore, the company offers rewards such as purchase of cars and accessories at discounted prices, discounts on childcare, appliances, fitness memberships, cell phones, travel, and furniture among others that help the employees save money. Consequently, The company employees show high respects for their customers and address them calmly. This has seen the company develop loyalty and build emotional connections with its employees, which contributes to its success.                   When hiring, CarMax normally conducts telephone interviews before face-to-face interviews. It is also the culture at CarMax when recruiting to conduct panel interviews as well as behavioural interviews for new employees. To set itself apart from other companies, CarMax also offers testing to interviewees before they can be employed. This ensures only the most qualified are employed. The hiring process is quote intensive ensuring that employees with the relevant skills are employed. This has been one of the contributing factors towards the success of the company because there is no compromise on the quality of staffs employed. Physical structures                   CarMax operates in what are known as superstores whereby a typical store is about 59,000 square feet (5,500  m2), and it carries about 300 to 400 vehicles. Furthermore, CarMax has a home office that appears like a glass box that has been modernized and is slipped in a forest (ADD Inc, 2014). The office located in such a way that there is access to daylight. It also has energy-efficient systems that regulate and control the energy consumption within the structures. The home office is designed in such a way that it appears beautiful in its natural surroundings.                     The structures are constructed using a campus plan which helps in minimizing the impact of its size whereby four-storey parking has been used. The inside of the building is constructed in such a way that it has strategically located points of interaction for the associates and customers. This helps in building a culture of collaboration and collegiality within the company. The headquarters of the company is a five-story office building that is made up of 243,000 square feet for offices, in addition to 19,000-square-foot used as a fitness facility.                  The building is located in a 3,500-acre piece of land in West Creek Business Park in the county of Goochland. The building is surrounded with trees and has a pedestrian connector that simply joins the office building and a parking deck that can host 1000 cars (ADD Inc, 2014). As part of the physical structure, CarMax uses yellow, navy blue and white colour as part of its identity. The company logo is made up of the colours mentioned; giving it unique looks that distinguishes it from other companies. The staffs of the company also put on uniforms, mostly t-shirts, that bear the logo of the company and the colours of the company. This also helps in uniting the employees by giving the identity of being equal. Values                   The main fundamental principle that guides the culture at CarMax is integrity, which is normally reflected in the way the company serves the customers, deliver its products to consumers as well as how employees within the company treat each other. Shared values are considered to be the foundation on which the operations of the company are built on CarMax Business Services. Through the various values that are shared within the company, the company seeks to ensure equal treatment of its investors, customers, and associates in terms of ethical practices and trustworthiness (Great Place to Work, 2014). The employees are involved in decision-making in addition to respect of customers and being honest as major ethical practice.                The values that are shared within the company include diversity, customer focus, communication, teamwork, associate development, and improvement. It is the culture of the company to conduct its operations in a customer-focused way, which is aimed at providing customers with great experience. On the value of respect, the company promotes individual knowledge among the associates and values the contribution that they make towards the company. Teamwork is also another value that is encouraged within the company. The employees and the management of the company normally work together for the interest of the company and also for the interest of the customers of the company. Communication is highly encouraged according to a survey conducted by Greatrated.com (2014).                The survey observed that 93% of the employees agree that there is great communication within the company. Sharing of information, soliciting for feedback and exchange of ideas within the company is also another organizational culture that is highly encouraged (CarMax, Inc. SWOT Analysis, 2014). Diversity is also another value that is practiced and encouraged as part of the organizational culture at CarMax Company. The uniqueness of the associates and employees is well integrated into the company and work is done to ensure that everyone in the company feels respected and valued despite the diversity in terms of beliefs, race, and gender among other aspects of diversity (Great Place to Work, 2014).                   Diversity within the company is promoted through various ways from the associates, the customers and even the community. For the Associates of the company, CarMax ensures that it hires, promotes and trains only the qualified associates who possess diverse attributes. Furthermore, the associates are treated with lots of respect, their contributions are respected and valued by the company and are always provided with benefits that help in supporting their diversity within the workforce. In addition to that, the associates are provided with an inclusive and collaborative environment that helps in encouraging the ideas and inputs of the associates.                  Diversity is also promoted among the customers whereby it is the culture of the company to welcome all its customers in all the stores if the company (McShane, & Von, 2014). Customers are also treated with utmost respect with an aim of providing them with exceptional experience. As part of the culture within the organization, all customers of the company are offered competitive and ethical offers that meet the needs of the customers. The community is also not left out on the issue of diversity at CarMax Company.                   It is the organizational culture of the company to make positive contributions towards the communities, which it operates, and its employees live in (Na, & Morris, 2014). This is done through the promotion of leadership in the youths, promoting education and wellness in the communities. CarMax supports diverse organizations and programs within the communities through internships, grants, volunteer activities and offering of sponsorships to the needy in the communities. Another organizational culture that is practiced at CarMax is that of associate development.                   Everyone from the junior employees to the top management is provided with opportunities for professional growth and development. The development of the associates and employees is done through coaching, sponsored trainings as well as mentoring of the employees. This has helped to improve the skills and work-performance of employees over the years. This can also be considered to be a contributing factor towards the tremendous growth experienced by the company in terms of its expansion and performance over the years.                  According to the survey by Greaterated.com (2014), it is observed that about 86% of the associates and employees at CarMax agree that they are offered great opportunities that help them to develop professionally and become better people. The positive culture within CarMax is generally attributed to the leadership with which about 94% of the employees according to a survey by agree that the bosses are great to work with. It is to be noted that the values that are practiced at CarMax start from the top management within the company whereby the leadership of the company is considered to be down-to earth and focused on the associates of the company (CarMax Business Services, LLC, 2014). The type of leadership that is found within an organization is an important factor that influences the type of organizational culture that is found within an organization.                Furthermore, it is also to be noted that CarMax offers its employees what is known as flexible time-away (CarMax, Inc. SWOT Analysis, 2014). This is a policy whereby employees are allowed to have some few weeks away from work before they resume their duties (Greaterated.com, 2014). This is a culture that to some extent is not good considering that the employees are not offered time for vacations. This culture should instead be changed to that of offering vacations, which will provide the associates with enough time to relax and build their lives.                  The company’s culture has contributed to its increased that has seen it being ranked position 54 among the Fortune 500 Companies list (Fortune 500 Magazine, 2014). An average employee within the company normally gets time away whenever they are in need of time to rest. Employees work in shifts whereby there are those that take the morning shift while others take the evening shift, but on rotational basis. Shared assumptions               Consequently, organizational culture is made up of shared assumptions within an organization. Employees normally share assumptions, which translate into being part of the organizational culture. In the sae of CarMax, the employees share the assumption that they own the company. This is based on the reason that the employees are constantly involved in the decision making process within the company. The employees are made to feel comfortable by allowing them to take part on decision making especially on matters dealing with the sales of the company and how they can increase their performance. Furthermore, the other assumption that is shared about the company is that all the customers get satisfied with the products that the company offers to them at all times. Organizational Culture and Performance of the Company                  Organizational culture and behaviour has been identified as one of the contributing factors towards the success of an organization. When there is positive organizational culture in a company, there are high chances that the company will be able to succeed (Niamh Ring, 2014). In the case of CarMax, the organizational culture that is practiced has been a contributing factor towards its growth over the years in the United Sates market. The organizational culture at CarMax can be said to have positive impact on the performance of the company in terms of employee turnover and customer attraction.                  The revenues of the company have been on the increase over the years, which mean that the organizational culture of treating customers with respect, and valuing their diversity has been of great help (Janićijević, 2013). It is also to e noted that the company has been able to retain most of its employees over the years (Reuters.com, 2014). This can be attributed to the positive organizational culture of empowering employees, valuing their contributions in the company and helping them improve professionally through trainings, coaching and mentoring (Niamh Ring, Jun 20, 2014). The impact of the organizational culture that is practiced at CarMax Inc can be seen through the number of stores that the company has been able to open up over the years. As of the year 2014 January, CarMax had about 128 superstores across the United States.                  A strong organizational culture is beneficial to a company, the employees as well as the customers of the company (Bà ¼schgens, Bausch, & Balkin, 2013). When a company has a strong and positive organizational culture, the productivity of the company is likely to improve as well as the performance of the employees (Reuters.com, 2014). Employees become motivated to work for the company therefore resulting in increased productivity. An average employees works for eight hours a day for a five-day long week. This ensures that employees are not overworked and have free time for recreational. This strong and positive organizational culture has helped to provide customers with high quality products CarMax (Narrative Science, 2014). When customers are provided with high quality products, satisfaction is guaranteed, which means that the company will continue to make sales from the customers as well as expand its operations to other markets, as observed in the case of CarMax.               The organization culture practiced by CarMax has impacted positively to its economic growth. The company has maintained high number of customers across America thus commanding a significant market shares in the industry of used cars. It has also given the company competitive advantage over other companies selling second handcars. This has been evidenced by its ever-growing sales and market share over years. Hence, the company should maintain its culture and try to improve its customer service by concentrating on customer loyalty, which make sure that customers are emotionally connected with all its products. The strategy will see it dominate in the market just like Apple, Philips and Nike that are widely known for their brand loyalty. Conclusion                   Every company has its own organizational culture that is practiced by the employees and determines how a company operates. Considering that organizational culture has great impacts on the success of an organization, companies should build and encourage positive organizational cultures that benefits all the stakeholders. CarMax attributes its success to the positive organizational culture that it has been able to build and maintain over the years. Therefore, the overall conclusion from the case analysis of CarMax with regard to organizational culture is that companies need to have positive organizational cultures that generate benefits. References ADD Inc (2014), CarMax Home Office http://www.addinc.com/portfolio/project-page.aspx?projID=105&PortID=2 on 10th September 2014. Bà ¼schgens, T., Bausch, A., & Balkin, D. B. (2013). Organizational Culture and Innovation: A Meta-Analytic Review Organizational Culture and Innovation: A Meta-Analytic Review. Journal Of Product Innovation Management, 30(4), 763-781. doi:10.1111/jpim.12021 CarMax Business Services, LLC (2014) About CarMax; Our culture and values, viewed from http://www.carmax.com/enUS/company-info/culture.html on 10th September 2014. CarMax, Inc. SWOT Analysis. (2014). CarMax, Inc. SWOTS Analysis, 1-9. Great Place to Work ® (2014), What Makes CarMax Great, viewed from http://us.greatrated.com/carmax on 10th September 2014. Greaterated.com (2014), 2014 Fortune 100 Best Companies to Work For List, viewed from http://us.greatrated.com/2014-fortune-100-best-companies-to-work-for-list on 10th September 2014. Janićijević, N. (2013). The mutual impact of organizational culture and structure. Ekonomski Anali / Economic Annals, 58(198), 35-60. doi:10.2298/EKA1398035J Ledimo, O. (2013). Managing Organizational Culture Through an Assessment of Employees’ Current and Preferred Culture. Proceedings Of The European Conference On Management, Leadership & Governance, 161-168. McShane, S. L., & Von, G. M. A. Y. (2014). Organizational behaviour. McGraw-Hill Higher Education Na, F., & Morris, T. (2014). Organizational ambidexterity strategy and firm performance: the moderating role of organizational capital. Academy Of Management Annual Meeting Proceedings, 1138-1143. doi:10.5465/AMBPP.2014.22 Narrative Science (2014). Earnings expected to increase for CarMax, viewed from http://www.forbes.com/sites/narrativescience/2014/04/02/earnings-expected-to-increase-for-carmax/ on 10th September 2014. Niamh Ring (Jun 20, 2014), CarMax Soars as Earnings, Revenues Top Analyst Estimates, viewed from http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-06-20/carmax-soars-as-earnings-revenues-top-analyst-estimates.html on 10th September 2014. Ovidiu-Iliuta, D. (2014). The link between organizational culture and performance management practices: a case of it companies from romania. Annals Of The University Of Oradea, Economic Science Series, 23(1), 1156-1163. Reuters.com (2014) Carmax Inc (KMX), viewed from http://www.reuters.com/finance/stocks/companyProfile?symbol=KMX on 10th September 2014. Source document

Business Project Essays - Economy, Business, Strategic Management

Business Project Essays - Economy, Business, Strategic Management Business Project Writing a Business Plan Task You are the managing director of a start up company. The company has been in existence for 18 months and you now feel that you have a reasonable customer base. Until now you have been working from home and have only had one other person to help you with orders. Now you feel it is time to expand and you can only do that by obtaining finance. You have some people in mind to take on managerial roles but you know that to raise enough finance to employ them you will need to persuade a bank that you are a worthwhile risk. You feel sure that with a well written business plan this can be achieved. You can decide what the company does, who the management team is and what products/services it makes/provides. Sections you will need to include: 1. Management Team Plan a) Who is your management team (You can make this up, minimum of 5 including yourself) b) What positions do they hold c) What skills do they possess. d) What personality traits might they have. (8 marks) 2. Company Description a) Define your business concept b) Establish clear, measurable goals c) Define your target market d) Reasons for starting the business e) Describe the Entrepreneurial Opportunity (10 marks) 3. Product and Service Plan a) Identify the key products and services you will provide b) What are the key features and benefits your products/services will provide to customers c) Unique Selling Proposition- What is it, what is the value proposition that customer groups have. d) Describe Competitors Products e) Describe your products/services (8 marks) 4. Vision and Mission Statement a) What is the organizational culture of your business? b) What is your vision statement? c) What is your mission statement? (10 marks) 5. Organizational Plan a) What is your businesses organizational ethics? b) Provide an organizational chart for your company. c) Write job descriptions and job specifications for your management team. d) What legal structure will your business take? e) What legal requirements might there be for your business? (10 marks) 6. Marketing Plan Consider your USP. From this briefly describe your: a) Place Strategy b) Promotion Strategy c) Price Strategy d) Product Strategy (8 marks) 7. Growth Plan a) Describe your Growth Strategies b) Describe the effects of your Growth Plan on your Mission Statement c) Describe the effects of Growth on Operational and Strategic Plans (10 marks) 8. SWOT Analysis Prepare a SWOT analysis that identifies your company's strengths and weaknesses. It must also identify opportunities from your company's strengths or elsewhere and also threats to your company's success and survival. (10 marks) 9. Executive Summary Write a summary of your business plan that briefly explains the business concept, why it will be successful, and what it will take to accomplish your goals. Briefly explain the financing required and what investors will receive in return for supporting your business. (6 marks) (Total Marks 80) NB: This project is worth 20% of your term grade. Some class time will be allocated to working on this but the majority will be done as homework. A rubric will be created but the bands will be paired eg if a category is out of 8, then it will be 7-8, 5-6, 3-4, 1-2 with descriptors ranging from excellent standard to no standard displayed. Some sections of the project cover topics we have not as yet covered. I will be lenient to a certain extent when marking those sections but would advise students to research them well as we will be covering them in depth over the coming months. This is also a good opportunity for you all to improve your research and analysis skills, plus writing and presentation, so treat this as a very serious practice run. I look forward to receiving your project.

Summary of Jean-Paul Sartres Contributions to Philosophy Essays

Summary of Jean-Paul Sartre's Contributions to Philosophy Essays Summary of Jean-Paul Sartre's Contributions to Philosophy Jean Paul Sartre (1905-1980) was a philosopher among other vocations (including novelist, playwright, and literary critic) and was also at the forefront of 20th century French philosophy and Marxism but is mainly considered an existentialist and is a key figure in that area of philosophy. At the outset Sartre?s philosophy was influenced by Edmund Husserl, the phenomenological movement and the idea that consciousness is about objects rather than creating within it an inner representation of the object, but he expands on these ideas and gives his own spin as his body of works grows. In 1938 Sartre published one of his earliest and most well-known works is La Naus?e (Nausea) which depicts a frustrated historian (Antoine Roquentin) who feels nausea as a result of his struggle to define himself despite the distractions of inanimate objects and situations which he believes detract from that goal, end he even fears whether his existence is a figment of the imagination. This novel is often considered a manifesto of existentialism and is sometimes seen as one of the canonical works of the movement. It brings up questions of existence, objects in relation to consciousness, freedom, and the meaning of life. Shortly after publishing this work Sartre also wrote an essay called The Transcendence of the Ego in which he expanded on the idea that objects exist independently from our consciousness of them and added the idea that a person?s ego is itself an object of consciousness to be discovered. His main existentialist work however is called Being and Nothingness: An Essay on Phenomenological Ontology and was published in 1943. Its writing was spurred but Sartre?s reflections as a result of reading Martin Heidegger?s Being and Time, an ontological work from a phenomenologist perspective, which prompted Sartre?s subtitle for his work. He analyzes and criticizes the works of other philosophers and uses these to summarize his theory of being, consciousness and phenomena. One of Sartre?s most original contributions to metaphysics is found in this work and is his concept of ?nothingness? and the idea that it is essential to being. He also talks about ?being? in two sense using Hegel?s terminology (pour-soi/for-itself, and en-soi/in-itself) and talks about the in-itself existing independently and transcending the for-itself.